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Khuzdul is the language of the Dwarves in J. R. R. Tolkien's fiction of Middle-earth. Khuzdul is usually written with the Cirth script. It appears to be based, like the Semitic languages, on triconsonantal roots: kh-z-d, b-n-d, z-g-l.

Little is known of Khuzdul, as the Dwarves kept it to themselves, except for their battle-cry: Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu! meaning Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!; and the runes written on Balins tomb in Moria can be translated to read "Balin Fundinul Uzbad Khazad-dumu", meaning "Balin, son of Fundin, Lord of Moria". This secrecy extended to Dwarven names: with the exception of the Petty-dwarves, all Dwarven names are either from another language (Dalish) or nicknames/titles, and Dwarves don't even record their names on their tombstones. Only few non-Dwarves are recorded of having learnt Khuzdul, most notably Eöl.

Placenames were not subject to this secrecy, and form the major sample of known Khuzdul. Unlike their private names, Dwarves seemed eager to share these names with others.

According to the Lhammas, Khuzdul is unique in belonging to a separate language family, Aulëan, not related to the languages of Elves, which are in the Oromëan language family. Aulëan was named from the Dwarvish tradition that it had been devised by Aulë the Smith, the Vala who created the Dwarves. It is not clear if this concept survived in later versions of the legendarium, although it seems the unique origin of Dwarvish was kept.

There are many similarities between Khuzdul and the native tongues of men, such as Taliska, the language of the first and third houses of the Edain. This is because in the early days of Middle-earth, before men crossed the mountains into Beleriand, they had contact to the Dwarves of the Blue Mountains and further East. Taliska was the ancestor of Adûnaic, the tongue of Númenor and the direct ancestor of the Common Speech, and both languages still had some minor Khuzdul influences.

It is said in The Silmarillion that Aulë, the creator of the first Dwarves, taught them "the language he had devised for them," which implies that Khuzdul is technically, in reality and fictionally, a constructed language. It is also said that because of the Dwarves' great reverence for Aulë their language remained unchanged, and all clans could still speak with eachother without language difficulties.

The Dwarvish language sounds much like Hebrew, and indeed Tolkien noted some similarities between Dwarves and Jews: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" (Letters, 176). Another reason Hebrew was chosen as a basis for Khuzdul is that it is unlike any of the European languages, and thus sufficiently alien to western ears to show just how different the Dwarven speech was from the Elvish languages. In addition, the name of the language may have been intended by Tolkien to evoke the Khazars, a Turkish people said to have converted to Judaism in the 7th century CE.

For The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, the linguist David Salo used what little is known of the Khuzdul to create enough of a language for use in the movies. This is usually referred to as neo-Khuzdul by Tolkienists.

External link

• Ardalambion site discussion of Khuzdul

水上車站位於台灣嘉義縣水上鄉，為臺灣鐵路管理局縱貫線的鐵路車站。

車站構造

• 岸式月台兩座。

利用狀況

• 目前為簡易站，僅有通勤電聯車停靠。

車站週邊

• 水上鄉公所
• 萬能工商

歷史

• 原名「水堀頭乘降場」。
• 1902年4月20日改為「停車場」。
• 1911年3月20日配合南靖糖廠興建，搬移至現今南靖車站位置。
• 1949年8月20日原址重建，稱「水頭簡易站」；同年10月10日改稱「水上」。

鄰近車站

臺灣鐵路管理局

縱貫線

北回歸線車站 - 水上車站 - 南靖車站

台灣鐵路管理局縱貫線（南段）
（台中線（山線）／海岸線（海線） ←） 彰化 - 花壇 - 大村 - 員林 - 永靖 - 社頭 - 田中 - 二水 - 林內 - 石榴 - 斗六 - 斗南 - 石龜 - 大林 - 民雄 - 嘉北 - 嘉義 - 水上 - 南靖 - 後壁 - 新營 - 柳營 - 林鳳營 - 隆田 - 拔林 - 善化 - 新市 - 永康 - 大橋 - 台南 - 保安 - 中洲 - 大湖 - 路竹 - 岡山 - 橋頭 - 楠梓 - 新左營 - 左營 - 鼓山（貨） - 高雄港（貨）／高雄 （→ 屏東線）

青洲山炮台是位於澳門青洲山之古老炮台，建於1865年(清同治四年)，至今只餘遺跡。

相關條目

• 澳門炮台

外部連結

• 澳門百科全書：青洲山炮台

薛瑄（1389年—1464年），字德溫，號敬軒，字德溫，河津人（今屬山西），永樂十九年進士。

生平

薛瑄生於書香世家，祖父薛仲義“通經術，以元末不仕，教授鄉里”。父親薛貞是明初的儒學教諭。

薛瑄是個神童，幼時即可背誦《詩》、《書》，日記千百言。後來薛瑄官至大理少卿，當時王振權傾朝野，因沒有先向王振行禮。王振逮捕薛瑄，下锦衣卫詔獄，以貪汙受賄罪名判處死刑。處斬前夕，王振一位老僕人在廚房流淚，王振問他為什麼哭，僕說：“我跟薛瑄是同鄉，深知他的為人。”於是王振才放了薛瑄。瑄後來回鄉設教，教化於民。不再宦跡官場。瑄好“程朱理学”，曾言“自考亭（朱熹）以還，斯道已大明，毋煩著作，直須躬行耳。”（《明史》卷二八二《薛瑄傳》）。著有《讀書錄》、《薛文清集》等集，今人輯有《薛瑄全集》。